Impact of Grade I obesity on respiratory mechanics during video laparoscopic surgery: prospective longitudinal study / Impacto da obesidade Grau I na mecânica respiratória durante cirurgia videolaparoscópica: estudo longitudinal prospectivo

Abstract Introduction and objectives: The association pneumoperitoneum and obesity in video laparoscopy can contribute to pulmonary complications, but has not been well defined in specific groups of obese individuals. We assessed the effects of pneumoperitoneum in respiratory mechanics in Grade I obese compared to non-obese. Methods: Prospective study including 20 patients submitted to video laparoscopic cholecystectomy, normal spirometry, divided into non-obese (BMI ≤ 25 kg.m-2) and obese (BMI > 30 kg.mg-2), excluding Grade II and III obese. We measured pulmonary ventilation mechanics data before pneumoperitoneum (baseline), and five, fifteen and thirty minutes after peritoneal insufflation, and fifteen minutes after disinflation (final). Results: Mean BMI of non-obese was 22.72 ± 1.43 kg.m-2 and of the obese 31.78 ± 1.09 kg.m-2, p < 0.01. Duration of anesthesia and of peritoneal insufflation was similar between groups. Baseline pulmonary compliance (Crs) of the obese (38.3 ± 8.3 mL.cm H2O-1) was lower than of the non-obese (47.4 ± 5.7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0.01. After insufflation, Crs decreased in both groups and remained even lower in the obese at all moments assessed (GLM p < 0.01). Respiratory system peak pressure and plateau pressure were higher in the obese, albeit variations were similar at moments analyzed (GLM p > 0.05). The same occurred with elastic pressure, higher in the obese at all times (GLM p = 0.04), and resistive pressure showed differences in variations between groups during pneumoperitoneum (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusions: Grade I obese presented more changes in pulmonary mechanics than the non-obese during video laparoscopies and the fact requires mechanical ventilation-related care.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Em videolaparoscopias, a associação de pneumoperitônio e obesidade pode contribuir para complicações pulmonares, mas não está bem definida em grupos específicos de obesos. Avaliamos os efeitos do pneumoperitônio na mecânica respiratória dos obesos Grau I em comparação aos não obesos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo envolvendo 20 pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia videolaparoscópica, com espirometria normal, separados em não-obesos (IMC ≤ 25 kg.m-2) e obesos (IMC > 30 kg.mg-2), excluídos obesos Grau II e III. Mensuramos dados da mecânica ventilatória pulmonar antes do pneumoperitônio basal, após cinco, quinze e trinta minutos da insuflação peritoneal e quinze minutos após a desinsuflação final. Resultados: O IMC médio dos não obesos foi de 22,72 ± 1,43 kg.m-2 e dos obesos 31,78 ± 1,09 kg.m-2, p < 0,01. A duração da anestesia e da insuflação peritoneal foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A complacência pulmonar (Crs) basal dos obesos (38,3 ± 8,3 mL.cm H2O-1) foi inferior aos não obesos (47,4 ± 5,7 mL.cm H2O-1), p = 0,01. Após a insuflação, a Crs diminuiu nos dois grupos e permaneceu ainda mais baixa nos obesos em todos os momentos avaliados (GLM p < 0,01). A pressão de pico e a pressão de platô do sistema respiratório foram mais elevadas nos obesos, mas apresentaram semelhantes variações nos momentos analisados (GLM p > 0,05). O mesmo ocorreu com a pressão elástica, mais elevada nos obesos em todos tempos (GLM p = 0,04), e a pressão resistiva apresentou diferenças nas variações entre os grupos durante o pneumoperitônio (GLM p = 0,05). Conclusão: Obesos Grau I apresentam maiores alterações na mecânica pulmonar que os não obesos em videolaparoscopias e este fato recomenda cuidados relacionados a ventilação mecânica.

Neumoperitoneo progresivo preoperatorio para reparo de hernia incisional con pérdida de dominio: Reporte de un caso / Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum for incisional hernia repair with loss of domain: Case report

Las hernias incisionales con pérdida de dominio (HIPD), tiene una prevalencia entre el 5 - 20%, por su complejidad técnica son un desafío para el cirujano de pared abdominal, debido a la disminución de la compliance abdominal, por atrofia y retracción muscular, así como las complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento. Presentamos el uso preoperatorio del neumoperitoneo progresivo (NPP), como técnica de preparación de la pared abdominal, mediante la colocación de un catéter permanente multipropósito (tipo pig tail) guiado por tomografía computarizada, para un paciente masculino de 69 años, agricultor, portador de colostomía por vólvulo de sigma, que presentó sepsis abdominal secundaria a dehiscencia de anastomosis, que derivó en colostomía, y formación de HIPD de 25 x 15 cm. Los beneficios del NPP son: reduce el tamaño de la segunda cavidad formada, facilita la colocación de la malla, disminuye la tensión en el cierre de la pared abdominal y el desarrollo del síndrome de hipertensión intraabdominal, por lo tanto, una menor probabilidad de recidiva postquirúrgica. La técnica de reparación utilizada fue liberación del músculo transverso del abdomen (TAR), que está indicada en HIPD con buenos resultados en cuanto a recidiva y complicaciones asociadas. Conclusiones: La reparación de HIPD, es técnicamente difícil, porque se afecta la compliance de la pared abdominal, más aún en nuestro caso por la presencia de colostomía. La optimización de la pared abdominal preoperatoria con técnica de neumoperitoneo progresivo más técnica TAR es una de las opciones válidas que se dispone para lograr este objetivo

Incisional hernias with loss domain (HIPD), has a prevalence between 5 - 20%, due to its technical complexity are a challenge for abdominal wall surgeon, because decrease in abdominal compliance, for muscle atrophy and retraction, as well as complications associated with the procedure. We present the preoperative use of progressive pneumoperitoneum (NPP), as a technique for preparing the abdominal wall, by placing a multipurpose permanent catheter (pig tail type) guided by computed tomography, for a 69-year-old male patient, farmer, and colostomy carrier. by sigma volvulus, which presented abdominal sepsis secondary to anastomosis dehiscence, which led to a colostomy, and HIPD formation of 25 x 15 cm. The benefits of NPP are: it reduces the size of the second cavity formed, facilitates the placement of the mesh, reduces the tension in the closure of the abdominal wall and the development of intra-abdominal hypertension syndrome, therefore a lower probability of post-surgical recurrence. The repair technique used was release of the transverse muscle of the abdomen (TAR), which is indicated in HIPD. Conclusions: HIPD repair is technically difficult because compliance of the abdominal wall is affected, even more so in our case due to the presence of a colostomy. Optimization of the preoperative abdominal wall with the progressive pneumoperitoneum technique plus the TAR technique is one of the valid options available to achieve this goal

Recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões para cirurgia videolaparoscópica durante a pandemia por COVID-19 / Recommendations of the Brazilian College of Surgeons for laparoscopic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMO Diante do quadro de pandemia da COVID-19, a comunidade cirúrgica enfrenta o possível risco de contágio de profissionais envolvidos no ato operatório; gerando preocupações e dúvidas referentes a escolha da via de acesso mais adequada nesse momento. Com objetivo de orientar os cirurgiões, baseado em diversos protocolos publicados até o momento, o Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões traz recomendações acerca deste assunto. O objetivo desta nota técnica é, através de uma compilação de publicações e recomendações de Sociedades Científicas de Cirurgia de todo mundo, trazer orientações relativas ao acesso laparoscópico durante a pandemia por COVID-19.

ABSTRACT During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the surgical community faces the possible risk of infection of health care professionals involved in the surgical procedure. This leaves to concerns and questions referred to the most adequate surgical approach at this moment. With the objective of guiding surgeons, and based in many different protocols published until now, the Brazilian College of surgeons brings recommendations about this subject. The aim of this technical note is, trough a compilaton of publications and recommendations from Scientific Societies of Surgery worldwide, to provide guidelines regarding laparoscopic access during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Manejo intraoperatório em cirurgia laparoscópica ou robótica para minimizar a dispersão de aerossóis: Adaptações ao contexto da pandemia por COVID-19 / Laparoscopic or robotic intraoperative management to minimize aerosol dispersion: Adaptations to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMO A infecção pelo coronavírus determinante da doença COVID-19, também conhecida como SARS-COV2 foi classificada nos últimos meses como pandemia. Essa é potencialmente fatal, representando enorme problema de saúde mundial. A disseminação, após provável origem zoonótica na cidade de Wuhan, China, resultou em colapso do sistema de saúde de diversos países, alguns com enorme impacto social e número grande de mortes descritas na Itália e Espanha. Medidas extremas intra e extra-hospitalares têm sido implementadas a fim de conter a transmissão e disseminação da COVID-19. No âmbito cirúrgico, enorme quantidade de procedimentos considerados não essenciais ou eletivos foram prorrogados ou suspensos até resolução da pandemia. No entanto, cirurgias de urgência e oncológicas não permitem que o paciente espere. Nesta publicação, sugerimos e ensinamos adaptação a ser feita com materiais de uso corriqueiro em laparoscopias para evitar a contaminação ou a disseminação entre as equipes assistenciais e os pacientes.

ABSTRACT The coronavirus infection, also known as SARS-COV2, has proven to be potentially fatal, representing a major global health problem. Its spread after its origin in the city of Wuhan, China has resulted in a pandemic with the collapse of the health system in several countries, some with enormous social impact and expressive number of deaths as seen in Italy and Spain. Extreme intra and extra-hospital measures have been implemented to decrease the transmission and dissemination of the COVID-19. Regarding the surgical practice, a huge number of procedures considered non-essential or elective were cancelled and postponed until the pandemic is resolved. However, urgent and oncological procedures have been carried out. In this publication, we highlight and teach adaptations to be made with commonly used materials in laparoscopy to help prevent the spread and contamination of the healthcare team assisting surgical patients.

The effects of enoxaparin on the liver in experimental pneumoperitoneum model

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the potential protective effects of enoxaparin against the adverse events of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum. METHODS: Thirty four rats were divided into three groups: Group 1 (sham) underwent insertion of Veress needle into the abdomen and 90 min of anesthesia with no gas insufflation. The animals in control and enoxaparin groups were subjected to 90 min of 14 mmHg CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Enoxaparin (100 u/kg) was administered subcutaneously to the rats in enoxaparin group one hour before the operation. After 90 min of pneumoperitoneum, the rats were allowed for reperfusion through 60 min. Blood and liver samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological examination. RESULTS: Treatment with enoxaparin decreased the histopathological abnormalities when compared with the control group. The highest levels of oxidative stress parameters were found in control group. The use of enoxaparin decreased the levels of all oxidative stress parameters, but the difference between the control and enoxaparin groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Enoxaparin ameliorated the harmful effects of high pressure CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the liver.

Diverticulitis y neumoperitoneo: una condición no siempre quirúrgica / Diverticulitis and pneumoperitoneum: A condition that not always is surgical

Introducción. La enfermedad diverticular es una condición degenerativa usual del colon y motivo de consulta frecuente por dolor abdominal en los servicios de urgencias. Una de las complicaciones frecuentes de esta enfermedad es la perforación del divertículo, lo cual puede resultar en neumoperitoneo, una colección abdominal o una peritonitis localizada o generalizada que, en algunos casos, requiere drenaje de la colección o tratamiento quirúrgico. Se presentan tres casos de pacientes con diverticulitis y neumoperitoneo, que fueron tratados en forma conservadora y tuvieron una evolución satisfactoria. Objetivos. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar las características de los pacientes con diverticulitis y neumoperitoneo y evaluar su evolución con tratamiento médico. Material y métodos. Se hizo una revisión retrospectiva de una base de datos. Se evaluó la incidencia de neumoperitoneo, las características demográficas y la evolución con el tratamiento médico instaurado, en pacientes con diverticulitis atendidos en la Fundación Clínica Shaio, durante el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 2014 y octubre de 2015. Resultados. De 60 pacientes con diagnóstico de diverticulitis, en 3 se presentó neumoperitoneo, sin evidencia de colecciones o líquido libre abdominales. Estos tres pacientes fueron manejados conservadoramente con antibióticos, obteniéndose una mortalidad nula a corto plazo, sin necesidad de manejo quirúrgico en esta hospitalización. Conclusión. La incidencia de diverticulitis asociada a neumoperitoneo sin colecciones abdominales o líquido libre, es poco frecuente en el servicio de urgencias. En pacientes seleccionados, se recomienda un tratamiento inicial conservador, con antibiótico y control sintomático, con lo cual se obtienen buenos resultados.

Introduction: Diverticular disease is an usual degenerative condition of the colon and frequent cause of consultation in the emergency departments because of abdominal pain. Perforation is a common complication and may result in pneumoperitoneum, an abdominal collection or peritonitis requiring drainage or surgical management. We report three patients with diverticulitis and pneumoperitoneum who received conservative treatment with adequate evolution. Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the characteristics of the patients with diverticulitis and pneumoperitoneum, and to evaluate their clinical course under medical nonoperative treatmet. Material and methods: Retrospective review of a prospectively set database. We evaluated the incidence of diverticulitis and pneumoperitoneum at the Shaio Clinic Foundation, Bogotá, Colombia, in the period October 2014 and October 2015, and additionaly described the outcomes with the medical management. Results: Among 60 patients with the diagnosis of diverticulitis, three had pneumoperitoneum (incidence of 5%) with no evidence of abdominal collections or free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The three patients were managed with conservative antibiotic treatment, ending without short term mortality and no need of surgical intervention during their hospital stay. Conclusion: The incidence of diverticulitis and pneumoperitoneum without collections or free liquid is considerable. We believe that in select patients the conservative management should be the first line of treatment with a low rate of morbidity and mortality.

Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation on regional cerebral oxygenation during laparoscopic surgery in children: a prospective study / Efeitos da insuflação de dióxido de carbono sobre a oxigenação cerebral regional durante cirurgia laparoscópica em crianças: um estudo prospectivo

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopic surgery has become a popular surgical tool when compared to traditional open surgery. There are limited data on pediatric patients regarding whether pneumoperitoneum affects cerebral oxygenation although end-tidal CO2 concentration remains normal. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the changes of cerebral oxygen saturation using near-infrared spectroscope during laparoscopic surgery in children. METHODS: The study comprised forty children who were scheduled for laparoscopic (Group L, n = 20) or open (Group O, n = 20) appendectomy. Hemodynamic variables, right and left regional cerebral oxygen saturation (RrSO2 and LrSO2), fraction of inspired oxygen, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PETCO2), peak inspiratory pressure (Ppeak), respiratory minute volume, inspiratory and end-tidal concentrations of sevoflurane and body temperature were recorded. All parameters were recorded after anesthesia induction and before start of surgery (T0, baseline), 15 min after start of surgery (T1), 30 min after start of surgery (T2), 45 min after start of surgery (T3), 60 min after start of surgery (T4) and end of the surgery (T5). RESULTS: There were progressive decreases in both RrSO2 and LrSO2 levels in both groups, which were not statistically significant at T1, T2, T3, T4. The RrSO2 levels of Group L at T5 were significantly lower than that of Group O. One patient in Group L had an rSO2 value <80% of the baseline value. CONCLUSIONS: Carbon dioxide insufflation during pneumoperitoneum in pediatric patients may not affect cerebral oxygenation under laparoscopic surgery.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A cirurgia laparoscópica se tornou uma ferramenta cirúrgica popular em comparação com a cirurgia aberta tradicional. Há poucos dados sobre pacientes pediátricos no que se refere ao pneumoperitônio afetar a oxigenação cerebral enquanto a concentração de CO2 no fim da expiração continua normal. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações da saturação de oxigênio cerebral com espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo durante cirurgia laparoscópica em crianças. MÉTODOS: O estudo recrutou 40 crianças programadas para apendicectomia laparoscópica (Grupo L, n = 20) ou aberta (Grupo A, n = 20). Variáveis hemodinâmicas, saturação de oxigênio cerebral regional direita e esquerda (RrSO2 e LrSO2), fração inspirada de oxigênio, pressão expiratória final de dióxido de carbono (PETCO2), pico de pressão inspiratória (Ppico), volume minuto respiratório, concentrações de sevoflurano inspirado e expirado e temperatura corporal foram registrados. Todos os parâmetros foram registrados após a indução da anestesia e antes do início da cirurgia (T0, basal), 15 minutos após o início da cirurgia (T1), 30 minutos após o início da cirurgia (T2), 45 minutos após o início da cirurgia (T3), 60 minutos após o início da cirurgia (T4) e no fim da cirurgia (T5). RESULTADOS: Houve diminuição progressiva em ambos os níveis de RrSO2 e LrSO2 nos dois grupos, mas não foi estatisticamente significativa em T1, T2, T3, T4. Os níveis de RrSO2 do Grupo L em T5 foram significativamente menores do que os do Grupo A. Um paciente do Grupo L apresentou um valor rSO2 < 80% do valor basal. CONCLUSÕES: A insuflação de dióxido de carbono durante o pneumoperitônio em pacientes pediátricos pode não afetar a oxigenação cerebral em cirurgia laparoscópica.

Ischemia modified albumin: does it change during pneumoperitoneum in robotic prostatectomies?

ABSTRACT Background The unique positioning of the patient at steep Trendelenburg with prolonged and increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) during robotic radical prostatectomy may increase the risk of splanchnic ischemia. We aimed to investigate the acute effects of IAP and steep Trendelenburg position on the level of ischemia modified albumin (IMA) and to test if serum IMA levels might be used as a surrogate marker for possible covert ischemia during robotic radical prostatectomies. Patients and Methods Fifty ASA I-II patients scheduled for elective robotic radical prostatectomy were included in this investigation. Exclusion criteria The patients were excluded from the study when an arterial cannulation could not be accomplished, if the case had to be converted to open surgery or if the calculated intraoperative bleeding exceeded 300ml. All the patients were placed in steep (45 degrees) Trendelenburg position following trocar placement. Throughout the operation the IAP was maintained between 11-14mmHg. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO) were continuously monitored before the induction and throughout the surgery. Blood gases, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST) were recorded. Additionally, IMA levels were measured before, during and after surgery. Results (1) MAP, CO, lactate and hemoglobin (Hb) did not significantly change in any period of surgery (p>0.05); (2) sodium (p<0.01), potassium (p<0.05) and urea (p<0.05) levels decreased at postoperative period, and no significant changes at creatinine, AST, ALT levels were observed in these patients; (3) At the end of surgery (180 min) pCO2, pO2, HCO3 and BE did not change compared to after induction values (p>0.05) but mild acidosis was present in these patients (p<0.01 vs. after induction); (4) IMA levels were found to be comparable before induction (0.34±0.04), after induction (0.31±0.06) ...

Gasless laparoscopic surgery plus abdominal wall lifting for giant hiatal hernia-our single-center experience / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Giant hiatal hernia (GHH) comprises 5% of hiatal hernia and is associated with significant complications. The traditional operative procedure, no matter transthoracic or transabdomen repair of giant hiatal hernia, is characteristic of more invasion and more complications. Although laparoscopic repair as a minimally invasive surgery is accepted, a part of patients can not tolerate pneumoperitoneum because of combination with cardiopulmonary diseases or severe posterior mediastinal and neck emphesema during operation. The aim of this article was to analyze our experience in gasless laparoscopic repair with abdominal wall lifting to treat the giant hiatal hernia. We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing gasless laparoscopic repair of GHH with abdominal wall lifting from 2012 to 2015 at our institution. The GHH was defined as greater than one-third of the stomach in the chest. Gasless laparoscopic repair of GHH with abdominal wall lifting was attempted in 27 patients. Mean age was 67 years. The results showed that there were no conversions to open surgery and no intraoperative deaths. The mean duration of operation was 100 min (range: 90-130 min). One-side pleura was injured in 4 cases (14.8%). The mean postoperative length of stay was 4 days (range: 3-7 days). Median follow- up was 26 months (range: 6-38 months). Transient dysphagia for solid food occurred in three patients (11.1%), and this symptom disappeared within three months. There was one patient with recurrent hiatal hernia who was reoperated on. Two patients still complained of heartburn three months after surgery. Neither reoperation nor endoscopic treatment due to signs of postoperative esophageal stenosis was required in any patient. Totally, satisfactory outcome was reported in 88.9% patients. It was concluded that the gasless laparoscopic approach with abdominal wall lifting to the repair of GHH is feasible, safe, and effective for the patients who cannot tolerate the pneumoperitoneum.

Changes in the distance between carina and orotracheal tube during open or videolaparoscopic bariatric surgery / Mudanças da distância entre a carina e o tubo orotraqueal durante cirurgia bariátrica aberta ou laparoscópica

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To examine whether there are changes in the distance between the orotracheal tube and carina induced by orthostatic retractor placement or by pneumoperitoneum insufflation in obese patients undergoing gastroplasty.METHODS: 60 patients undergoing bariatric surgery by two techniques: open (G1) or videolaparoscopic (G2) gastroplasty were studied. After tracheal intubation, adequate ventilation of both hemitoraxes was confirmed by lung auscultation. The distance orotracheal tube-carina was estimated with the use of a fiber bronchoscope before and after installation of orthostatic retractors in G1 or before and after insufflation of pneumoperitoneum in patients in G2.RESULTS: G1 was composed of 22 and G2 of 38 patients. No cases of endobronchial intubation were detected in either group. The mean orotracheal tube-carina distance variation was estimated in -0.03 cm (95% CI 0.06 to -0.13) in the group of patients undergoing open gastroplasty and in -0.42 cm (95% CI -0.56 to -1.4) in the group of patients undergoing videolaparoscopic gastroplasty. The extremes of variation in each group were: 0.5 cm to -1.6 cm in patients undergoing open surgery and 0.1 cm to -2.2 cm in patients undergoing videolaparoscopic surgery.CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant change in orotracheal tube-CA distance after placement of orthostatic retractors in patients undergoing open gastroplasty. There was a reduction in orotracheal tube-CA distance after insufflation of pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing videolaparoscopic gastroplasty. We recommend attention to lung auscultation and to signals of ventilation monitoring and reevaluation of orotracheal tube placement after peritoneal insufflation.

RESUMOOBJETIVO: Analisar se há mudanças na distância entre o tubo orotraqueal (TOT) e a carina (CA) induzidas pelo afastador ortostático ou pelo pneumoperitônio em pacientes obesos submetidos a gastroplastia.MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 60 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica por duas técnicas: aberta (G1) ou videolaparoscópica (G2). Após a intubação orotraqueal, a ventilação adequada de ambos os hemitórax foi confirmada por meio da ausculta pulmonar. A distância TOT-CA foi estimada com o uso de um fibrobroncoscópio antes e após a instalação dos afastadores ortostáticos no G1 ou antes e após a insuflação do pneumoperitônio nos pacientes no G2.RESULTADOS: Integraram o G1 22 pacientes e 38 o G2. Não houve casos de intubação endobrônquica em nenhum dos grupos. A média de variação da distância TOT-CA foi -0,03 cm (95% IC 0,06 a -0,13) no grupo dos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia aberta e -0,42 cm (95% IC -0,56 a -1,4) no grupo dos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia videolaparoscópica. Os extremos de variação em cada grupo foram: 0,5 cm a -1,6 cm no dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia aberta e 0,1 cm a -2,2 cm no dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia videolaparoscópica.CONCLUSÕES:Não houve alteração significativa na distância TOT-CA após instalação dos afastadores ortostáticos nos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia aberta. Houve redução na distância TOT-CA após a insuflação do pneumoperitônio nos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia videolaparoscópica. Sugerimos atenção à ausculta pulmonar e aos sinais de monitoração da ventilação e reavaliação do posicionamento do TOT após insuflação peritoneal.

Anesthesia experiences on laparoscopic nephrectomy with da Vinci S robotics / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the clinical anesthesia experiences in 20 patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy with da Vinci S robotics.
@*METHODS@#Anesthesia data of 20 patients from Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy with da Vinci S robotics from August 2014 to November 2014, were analyzed and summarized. The anesthesia time, operation time, CO(2) pneumoperitoneum time, PaCO(2) and PETCO(2) were recorded.
@*RESULTS@#All patients were anesthetized and underwent surgery with da Vinci S robotics. The anesthesia time was (220±14) min, the operation time was (187±11) min, and the CO(2) pneumoperitoneum time was (180±13) min. The PaCO(2) and PETCO(2) were significantly elevated at 1.5 h after operation compared with those at the baseline (before pneumoperitoneum) (P<0.05). The pH value was significantly decreased at 2.5 h after operation compared to that at the baseline (P<0.05). The peak airway pressure of inspiration was significantly elevated at 0.5 h after the beginning of pneumoperitoneum compared to that at the baseline (P<0.05).
@*CONCLUSION@#The hemodynamics is stable during the laparoscopic nephrectomy with da vinci S robotics. However, the duration of CO(2) pneumoperitoneum is significantly increased compared to that of other surgical procedures, resulting in high airway resistance and acid-base disturbance.

Effects of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and steep Trendelenburg positioning on cerebral blood backflow during robotic radical prostatectomy / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position on cerebral blood backflow during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in elderly patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty elderly patients (65-80 years) and 50 middle-aged patients (45-64 years) undergoing elective robot-assisted prostatectomy were enrolled in this study. For all the patients, jugular bulb and arterial blood gas was monitored and recorded before pneumoperitoneum (0), 10 min after pneumoperitoneum was achieved (T₁), 10 min (T₂) and 60 min (3) after Trendelenberg position, and 10 min in supine position after termination of pneumoperitoneum (4).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with those at 0, the mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and BIS value at 1, 2, 3 and 4 all showed no significant variations (P>0.05), but rSO2, SjvO2, and JBP increased significantly in both groups (P<0.01). Compared with those in the middle-aged group, rSO₂, SjvO₂, and JBP increased significantly and Da-jO₂decreased at 2, 3 in the elderly group (P<0.01), but jugular vein blood glucose or lactic acid content showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position cause more obvious cerebral blood backflow in elderly patients than in middle-aged patients but do not affect cerebral metabolism of oxygen.</p>

Predictive factors of prolonged warm ischemic time (> or =30 minutes) during partial nephrectomy under pneumoperitoneum

PURPOSE: Current clinical data support a safe warm ischemia time (WIT) limit of 30 minutes during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN). We evaluated independent factors predicting prolonged WIT (more than 30 minutes) after LPN or RPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective data review was performed for 317 consecutive patients who underwent LPN or RPN performed by the same surgeon from October 2007 to May 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: group A was defined as prolonged WIT (> or =30 minutes) and group B as short WIT ( or =25 mm; odds ratio, 2.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.48-5.96; p=0.002), and surgeon experience (p<0.001) were independent predictors of prolonged WIT. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeon experience, tumor size, and PADUA score predicted prolonged WIT after RPN or LPN. Among these factors, increasing surgical experience with LPN or RPN is the most important factor for preventing prolonged WIT.

Efeitos da pressão do pneumoperitôneo artificial elevada sobre a pressão arterial invasiva e os níveis dos gases sanguíneos / Effects of elevated artificial pneumoperitoneum pressure on invasive blood pressure and levels of blood gases / Efectos de la presión elevada del neumoperitoneo artificial sobre la presión arterial invasiva y los niveles de los gases sanguíneos

Justificativa e objetivo: avaliar as repercussões clínicas, hemodinâmicas, gasométricas e metabólicas das altas pressões transitórias do pneumoperitônio por curto período de tempo que garantem maior segurança para a introdução do primeiro trocarte. Métodos: foram estudados 67 pacientes submetidos a procedimentos videolaparoscópicos e aleatoriamente distribuídos em grupo P12: n = 30 (pressão intraperitoneal [PIP] de 12 mmHg) e grupo P20: n = 37 (PIP de 20 mmHg). Foram avaliados a pressão arterial média (PAM), por cateterismo da artéria radial; e, mediante gasometria, o pH, a pressão parcial de oxigênio arterial (PaO2), a pressão parcial de CO2 arterial (PaCO2), o bicarbonato (HCO3) e a reserva alcalina (BE). Esses parâmetros foram avaliados em ambos os grupos no tempo zero, antes do pneumoperitônio (TP0); no tempo um (TP1), quando a PIP atinge 12 mmHg em ambos os grupos; no tempo dois (TP2), após cinco minutos com PIP de 12 mmHg em P12 e após cinco minutos com PIP de 20 mmHg em P20; e no tempo três (TP3), após 10 minutos com PIP de 12 mmHg em P12 e com PIP retornada de 20 mmHg para 12 mmHg, contados 10 minutos após TP1 em P20. Os valores diferentes dos considerados normais para os parâmetros aquilatados ou o surgimento de fenômenos orgânicos atípicos foram considerados alteracões clínicas. Resultados: ocorreram diferenças estatísticas significantes no grupo P20 na PAM, no pH, no HCO3 e na BE, mas dentro dos limites da normalidade. Não foram evidenciadas alterações clínicas e patológicas. Conclusões: pressão intra-abdominal alta e transitória causa alterações da PAM, do pH, do HCO3 e da BE sem que haja repercussão clínica no paciente. .

Background and objective: to evaluate the clinical, hemodynamic, gas analysis and metabolic repercussions of high transient pressures of pneumoperitoneum for a short period of time to ensure greater security for introduction of the first trocar. Methods: sixty-seven patients undergoing laparoscopic procedures were studied and randomly distributed in P12 group: n = 30 (intraperitoneal pressure [IPP] 12 mmHg) and P20 group: n = 37 (IPP of 20 mmHg). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was evaluated by catheterization of the radial artery; and through gas analysis, pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3) and alkalinity (BE) were evaluated. These parameters were measured in both groups at time zero before pneumoperitoneum (TP0); at time 1 (TP1) when IPP reaches 12mmHg in both groups; at time 2 (TP2) after five min with IPP = 12mmHg in P12 and after 5 min with IPP = 20mmHg at P20; and at time 3 (TP3) after 10 min with IPP = 12mmHg in P12 and with return of IPP from 20 to 12mmHg, starting 10min after TP1 in P20. Different values from those considered normal for all parameters assessed, or the appearance of atypical organic phenomena, were considered as clinical changes. Results: there were statistically significant differences in P20 group in MAP, pH, HCO3 and BE, but within normal limits. No clinical and pathological changes were observed. Conclusions: high and transient intra-abdominal pressure causes changes in MAP, pH, HCO3 and BE, but without any clinical impact on the patient. .

Justificación y objetivo: evaluar las repercusiones clínicas, hemodinámicas, gasométricas y metabólicas de las altas presiones transitorias del neumoperitoneo durante un corto período de tiempo para garantizar una mayor seguridad en la introducción del primer trocar. Métodos: fueron estudiados 67 pacientes sometidos a procedimientos videolaparoscópicos y distribuidos aleatoriamente en grupo P12: n = 30 (presión intraperitoneal [PIP] de 12 mmHg), y grupo P20: n = 37 (PIP de 20 mmHg). Se evaluó la presión arterial media por cateterismo de la arteria radial; y mediante gasometría, el pH, la presión parcial de oxígeno arterial, la presión parcial de CO2 arterial, el bicarbonato y la reserva alcalina. Esos parámetros fueron evaluados en ambos grupos en el tiempo cero, antes del neumoperitoneo (TP0); en el tiempo uno (TP1), cuando la PIP alcanza 12 mmHg en ambos grupos; en el tiempo 2 (TP2), después de 5 min con PIP de 12 mmHg en P12 y después de 5 min con PIP de 20 mmHg en P20; y en el tiempo 3 (TP3), después de 10 min con PIP de 12 mmHg en P12 y con PIP de retorno desde 20 mmHg a 12 mmHg, contados 10 min después de TP1 en P20. Los valores diferentes de los considerados normales para los parámetros medidos o el surgimiento de fenómenos orgánicos atípicos fueron considerados alteraciones clínicas. Resultados: hubo diferencias estadísticas significativas en el grupo P20 en la presión arterial media, en el pH, en el bicarbonato y en la reserva alcalina, pero dentro de los límites de la normalidad. No se evidenciaron alteraciones clínicas ni patológicas. Conclusiones: la presión intraabdominal alta y transitoria causa alteraciones de la presión arterial media, del pH, del bicarbonato y de la reserva alcalina sin repercusiones clínicas para el paciente. .

Correlation between Pet-CO2 and PaCO2 in morbidly obese patients during anesthesia for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation between arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) and end expiratory tidal partial pressure of CO2 (Pet-CO2) in morbidly obese patients during anesthesia for laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty morbidly obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) between 35 and 50 kg/m(2) underwent laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery under general anesthesia. PaCO2 and Pet-CO2 were measured after intubation and before induction of pneumoperitoneum (T0), at 30 min (T1), 60 min (T2), and 120 min (T3) during pneumoperitoneum, and at 30 min (T4) and 60 min (T5) after deflation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At each time point of measurement, Pet-CO2 was lower than PaCO2 in all the patients. PaCO2 and Pet-CO2 were positively correlated before, during, and after pneumoperitoneum (P<0.05). At a moderate pressure of CO2 pneumoperitoneum (16 mmHg), the level of correlation between PaCO2 and Pet-CO2 at T1, T2, and T3 differed from that before and after post-pneumoperitoneum.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PaCO2 and Pet-CO2 are closely correlated during a moderate CO2 pneumoperitoneum in morbidly obese patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery.</p>

Aminophylline Partially Prevents the Decrease of Body Temperature during Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery

Aminophylline can elicit thermogenesis in rats or increase metabolic rate during cold stress in lambs. We tested the hypothesis that aminophylline would reduce the change in core body temperature during laparoscopic abdominal surgery requiring pneumoperitoneum. Fifty patients were randomly divided into an aminophylline group (n=25) and a saline control group (n=25). Esophageal temperature, index finger temperature, and hemodynamic variables, such as mean blood pressure and heart rate, were measured every 15 min during sevoflurane anesthesia. In the aminophylline group, esophageal temperatures at T45 (36.1+/-0.38 vs. 35.7+/-0.29, P=0.024), T60 (36.0+/-0.39 vs. 35.6+/-0.28, P=0.053), T75 (35.9+/-0.34 vs. 35.5+/-0.28, P=0.025), T90 (35.8+/-0.35 vs. 35.3+/-0.33, P=0.011), and T105 (35.8+/-0.36 vs. 35.1+/-0.53, P=0.017) and index finger temperatures at T15 (35.8+/-0.46 vs. 34.9+/-0.33, P<0.001), T30 (35.7+/-0.36 vs. 35.0+/-0.58, P=0.029), T45 (35.8+/-0.34 vs. 35.2+/-0.42, P=0.020), T60 (35.7+/-0.33 vs. 34.9+/-0.47, P=0.010), T75 (35.6+/-0.36 vs. 34.8+/-0.67, P=0.028), T90 (35.4+/-0.55 vs. 34.4+/-0.89, P=0.042), and T105 (34.9+/-0.53 vs. 33.9+/-0.85, P=0.024) were significantly higher than in the saline control group. Aminophylline is effective in maintaining the core temperature through a thermogenic effect, despite reduced peripheral thermoregulatory vasoconstriction.

Aminophylline Partially Prevents the Decrease of Body Temperature during Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery

Aminophylline can elicit thermogenesis in rats or increase metabolic rate during cold stress in lambs. We tested the hypothesis that aminophylline would reduce the change in core body temperature during laparoscopic abdominal surgery requiring pneumoperitoneum. Fifty patients were randomly divided into an aminophylline group (n=25) and a saline control group (n=25). Esophageal temperature, index finger temperature, and hemodynamic variables, such as mean blood pressure and heart rate, were measured every 15 min during sevoflurane anesthesia. In the aminophylline group, esophageal temperatures at T45 (36.1+/-0.38 vs. 35.7+/-0.29, P=0.024), T60 (36.0+/-0.39 vs. 35.6+/-0.28, P=0.053), T75 (35.9+/-0.34 vs. 35.5+/-0.28, P=0.025), T90 (35.8+/-0.35 vs. 35.3+/-0.33, P=0.011), and T105 (35.8+/-0.36 vs. 35.1+/-0.53, P=0.017) and index finger temperatures at T15 (35.8+/-0.46 vs. 34.9+/-0.33, P<0.001), T30 (35.7+/-0.36 vs. 35.0+/-0.58, P=0.029), T45 (35.8+/-0.34 vs. 35.2+/-0.42, P=0.020), T60 (35.7+/-0.33 vs. 34.9+/-0.47, P=0.010), T75 (35.6+/-0.36 vs. 34.8+/-0.67, P=0.028), T90 (35.4+/-0.55 vs. 34.4+/-0.89, P=0.042), and T105 (34.9+/-0.53 vs. 33.9+/-0.85, P=0.024) were significantly higher than in the saline control group. Aminophylline is effective in maintaining the core temperature through a thermogenic effect, despite reduced peripheral thermoregulatory vasoconstriction.

The effect of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on the healing colonic anastomosis in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of pneumoperitoneum on colonic anastomosis healing. METHODS: Colonic anastomosis was performed in 120 rats divided into four groups: Group I - pneumoperitoneum before laparotomy, Group II - pneumoperitoneum after laparorrhaphy, Group III - pneumoperitoneum before laparotomy and after laparorrhaphy, Group IV - no pneumoperitoneum (control group). Pneumoperitoneum pressure was 5 mmHg. Animals were killed on the 3rd, 7th and 14th postoperative day. Hhistopathological features, anastomosis breaking strength, collagen histomorphometry and hydroxyproline concentration were assessed. RESULTS: Breaking strength between groups: (day 3, p=0.165; day 7, p=0.219; day 14, p=0.539). Histopathology revealed that group II had, on day 7, less infiltration of mononuclear cells (p=0.006), greater infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells (p=0.001) and greater necrosis (p=0.001); and on day 14, less fibrosis. Histomorphometry revealed a decrease in collagen in groups I and III (p<0.001) on day 7 and an increase in groups I and II on day 14 (p<0.001). Hydroxyproline concentration was similar for groups on days 3 (p=0.152), 7 (p=0.913) or 14 (p=0.981). CONCLUSION: Carbon dioxide does not impair the healing of colonic anastomosis in rats.

Effects of pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide and helium on renal function and morphology in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide and helium on renal function and morphology in a rat model. METHODS: Twenty four rats were randomized into three groups (n=8): gasless insufflation ('open', Pressure=0 mmHg), carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum at 12 mmHg, and helium pneumoperitoneum at 12 mmHg; all lasting 90 minutes.. A cystostomy was performed and the bladder was emptied. At the end of the experiment, the urine produced, a blood sample and the left kidney of each animal were collected. The following variables were obtained: serum sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine, urine volume and creatinine. The creatinine clearance was estimated for each animal. The kidneys were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and evaluated by a pathologist blinded to the groups. RESULTS: The CO2 and Helium groups did not differ in the variables evaluated. Both developed oliguria (p<0.001 vs. gasless). The CO2 group presented hyperkalemia compared to gasless (p=0.05), which did not attain significance in the helium group. Histopathological analysis revealed mild hydropic degeneration and congestion in the three groups, with no significant difference among them. CONCLUSIONS: The type of gas resulted in no difference in the variables of renal function and morphology assessed. The increase in serum potassium was only observed with CO2 insufflation suggests a combined effect of elevated intra-abdominal pressure and metabolic effects of pneumoperitoneum.